BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

Unpublished Archival Material

Achsa W. Sprague Papers. Vermont Historical Society, Barre, Vermont

Augustus Merrick Papers (subset of Nathan Brooks Papers). Concord Free Public Library, Concord, Massachusetts

"Lecture on Spiritualism," copy of undated sketch in author's possession.

Solomon Jewett Papers. Sheldon Muse~, Middlebury Vermont
 
 

Newspapers and Periodicals

Age (Melbourne, Australia). 2004.

American Spiritual Magazine (Memphis, Tennessee). 1875-1877.

American Spiritualist (Cleveland). 1868-1872. Banner of Light (Boston). 1857-1885.

Boston Daily Courier. 1851-1864.

Buchanan's Journal of Man Cincinnati). 1849-1856. Cleveland Leader. 1854-1865, 1874-1885.

Cleveland Plain Dealer. 2005.

Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper (New York), 1857.

Herald of Progress (New York). 1860-1864.

Lynn (Massachusetts) Bay State, 1857.

Philadelphia Press. 1884.

New Northwest (Portland, Oregon). 1873-1874. New York Clipper, 1866.

New York Herald, 1848-1893.

New York Tribune. 1848-1893.

Salt Lake Tribune. 1870-1895.

South Florida Sun-Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale). 2002 Spirit Messenger (Springfield, Massachusetts). 1850-1853. Spirit of the Times (New York). 1860.

Spiritual Age (Boston). 1858-1859.

Spiritual Scientist (Boston). 1874-1878.

Spiritual Telegraph (New York). 1853-1857.

Spiritualist Philosopher (Boston). 1850.

Territorial Enterprise (Virginia City, Nevada). 1866.

Trumpet and Universalist Magazine (Boston). 1850-1870. Western Star (Boston). 1872.
 
 

Books and Articles

Abbott, Jacob. Rollo at Work; or, the Way to Be Industrious (1838; New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, n.d.), 52, 125-126. Quoted in Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920, 131-132. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.

Allen, C. Leonard. "Baconianism and the Bible in the Disciples of Christ: James S. Lamar and 'The Organon of Scripture.' " Church History 55 (March 1986): 65-80.

Apess, William. A Son of the Forest: The Experience of William Apess, a Native of the Forest. In On Our Own Ground: The Complete Writings of William

Apess, a Pequot, ed. Barry O'Connell, 1-97. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992.

Barnum, P. T. The Life ofP. T. Barnum. New York; Redfield, 1855.

------. Humbugs of the World: An Account of Humbugs, Delusions, Impositions, Quackeries, Deceits, and Deceivers Generally, In All Ages. New York: Carleton, 1866.

Barrett, Harrison D. Life Work of Mrs. Cora 1. V. Richmond. Chicago: Hack and  Anderson, 1895.

Bartlett, George C. The Salem Seer: Reminiscences of Charles H. Foster. New York: Lovell, Gestefeld, and Company, 1891.

Beard, George Miller. The Scientific Basis of Delusions: A New Theory of Trance, and Its Bearings on Human Testimony. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1877.

Beecher, Henry Ward. Seven Lectures to Young Men, on Various Important Subjects; Delivered Before the Young Men of Indianapolis, Indiana, During the Winter of 1843-4. Indianapolis: Thomas B. Cutler, 1844.

Blackmore, Kent. Oscar Eliason: The Original "Dante the Great": His Life and Travels in Australia and New Zealand, 1898-1899, rev ed. Sydney, Australia: K. Blackmore, 1987.

Blitz, Signor (Antonio). Fifty Years in the Magic Circle: Being an Account of the Author's Professional Life; His Wonderful Tricks and Feats; With Laughable Incidents and Adventures as a Magician, Necromancer, and Ventriloquist. Hartford: Belknap and Bliss, 1872, 114. Quoted in James W. Cook, The Arts of Deception: Playing with Fraud in the Age of Barnum, 180. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Britten, Emma Hardinge, and Margaret Wilkinson. Autobiography of Emma Hardinge Britten. Manchester and London: J. Heywood, 1900.

Brown, John. The Mediumistic Experiences of John Brown, The Medium of the Rockies.
 Des Moines: Moses Hull and Company, 1887.

Burr, Virginia Ingraham. The Secret Eye: The Journal of Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.

C. (pseudonym). "Marrying a Ghost." American Spiritual Magazine, January 1877, 6-7.

Child, Lydia Maria. An Appeal In Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans.  Boston: Allen and Ticknor, 1833.

Clark, Uriah, ed. Spiritual Register. Auburn, New York: Uriah Clark, 1857-1861.

------. Plain Guide to Spiritualism. A Handbookfor Skeptics, Inquirers, Clergymen, Believers, Lecturers. 3d ed. Boston: William White and Company, 1863.

"The Confessions ofa Medium." Atlantic Monthly, December 1860),699-715.

Crawford, Michael J. "The Spiritual Travels of Nathan Cole," William and Mary Quarterly 33 (January 1976): 89-126.

Daniels, George H. American Science in the Age of Jackson. New York: Columbia  University Press, 1968.

Davis, Almond H. The Female Preacher, or Memoir of Salome Lincoln. Providence, 1843. Reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1972,37-38. Quoted in Catherine A. Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845,186. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Dobler, Herr. [George Smith-Buck] Expose of the Davenport Brothers. Belfast: D. & J. Allen, 1869. Reprint, New York, Arno Press, 1976.

Edgeworth, Maria. "I'd Be a Butterfly," Parley's Magazine 1 (1833): 91. Quoted in Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920, 131-132. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.

Edmonds, John W., and George T. Dexter, Spiritualism. New York: Partridge and Brittan, 1853,2: 261-263. Quoted in Robert S. Cox, Body and Soul: A Sympathetic History of American Spiritualism, 136. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003.

Elaw, Zilpha. Memoirs of the Life, Religious Experience, Ministerial Travels and Labours of Mrs. Zilpha Elaw. London: Published by the Authoress, 1846. Reprinted in Sisters of the Spirit: Three Women's Autobiographies of the Nineteenth Century, ed. William L. Andrews, 49-160. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1986.

Faler, Paul G. Mechanics and Manufacturers in the Early Industrial Revolution: Lynn, Massachusetts, 1780-1860. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.

Foote, Julia A. 1. A Brand Pluckedfrom the Fire: An Autobiographical Sketch. Cleveland: Printed for the Author by W. F. Schneider, 1879). Reprinted in Sisters of the Spirit: Three Black Women's Autobiographies of the Nineteenth Century, ed. William L. Andrews, 161-234. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.

Garenne, Henri. The Art of Modern Conjuring: For Wizards of All Ages. London: Ward, Lock and Company, 1886. Reprint, New York: Clarkson Potter, 2001.

Gordon, Henry C.; and Thomas Hazard. Autobiography of Henry C. Gordon: And Some of the Wonderful Manifestations Through a Medium Persecuted From Childhood to Old Age. Ottumwa, Iowa: Publishing House of the Spiritual Offering, 188-?

Hammond, Charles. Light From the Spirit World: Comprising a Series of Articles on the Condition of Spirits, and the Development of Mind in the Rudimental and Second Spheres. 2d ed. Boston: Bela Marsh, 1852.

Hammond, William A. "The Physics and Physiology of Spiritualism." North American  Review 110 (Apri11870): 233-260.

Hardinge, Emma. Modern American Spiritualism, A Twenty Years' Record of the Communion Between Earth and the World of Spirits. 2 vols. New York: By the author, 1870. Reprint, Essex, England: SNU Publications, 1999.

Hatch, B[enjarnin] F[ranklin]. Spiritualist Iniquities Unmasked, and, the Hatch Divorce Case. New York: B. F. Hatch, 1859.

Hatch, Cora L. V. Discourses on Religion, Morals, Philosophy, and Metaphysics. New  York: B. F. Hatch, 1858.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The American Notebooks. New Haven: Yale University Press,  1932.

Hazard, Thomas R. The Jonny-Cake Papers of "Shepherd Tom, " Together with Reminiscences of Narragansett Schools of Former Days. Boston: Printed for the subscribers, 1915.

Hobbs, Clarence W. Lynn and Surroundings. Lynn, Massachusetts: Lewis and Winship,  1886.

Home, Daniel Dunglas. The GiftofD.D. Home. London: K. Paul Trench Trlibner, 1890.

Hurd, D. Hamilton. History of Essex County, Massachusetts. Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis and Company, 1888.

Jewett, Pendie L. Spiritualism and Charlatanism; or, The Tricks of the Media. New  York: S. W. Green, 1873.

Johnson, David N. Sketches of Lynn, or the Changes of Fifty Years. Lynn, Massachusetts:  Thomas P. Nichols, 1880.

Kellar, Harry. A Magician's Tour, Up and Down and Around the Earth, Being the Life and Adventures of the American Nostradamus. Chicago: Donohue, Henneberry, 1896.

Lee, Jarena. The Life and Religious Experience of Jarena Lee, A Coloured Lady, Giving An Account of her Call to Preach the Gospel. Philadelphia: Printed and Published for the author, 1836. Reprinted in Sisters of the Spirit: Three Women's Autobiographies of the Nineteenth Century, ed. William L. Andrews, 25-48. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1986.

------. Religious Experience and Journal of Mrs. Jarena Lee, Giving an Account of Her Call to Preach the Gospel, Revised and Correctedfrom the Original Manuscript Written by Herself. Philadelphia: Printed and published for the author, 1849.

Lewis, Alonzo, and James R. Newhall. History ofLynn, Essex County, Massachusetts: Including Lynnfield, Saugus, Swampscot, and Nahant. Lynn: Printed for James R. Newhall, 1865.

Logan, Olive. Before the Footlights and Behind the Scenes. Philadelphia: Parmalee, 1870.

Mahomet,' or, The Unveiled Prophet of Inistan; A Boquet for Jenny Lind. Boston:  Published by the authoress, 1850.

Maskelyne, John Nevil. Modern Spiritualism: A Short Account of Its Rise and Progress, With Some Exposures of So-Called Spirit Media. London: Frederick Warne and Company, 1876. Reprint, New York, Arno Press, 1976.

McCabe, Joseph. Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1920.

Milwaukee Sentinel, 7 August 1841. Quoted in Craig James Hazen, The Village Enlightenment in America: Popular Religion and Science in the Nineteenth Century, 11. Urbana: University oflllinois Press, 2000.

Morris, Clara Life on the Stage. New York: McClure, Phillips, 1901.

Nichols, Thomas Low. A Biography of the Brothers Davenport. London: Saunders Otley and Company, 1864.

The Night Side of New York. New York: 1. C. Haney, 1866, 11. Quoted in Richard Butsch, The Making of American Audiences: From Stage to Television, 1750
 1990,97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Olcott, Henry S. Peoplefrom the Other World. Rutland, Vermont: C. E. Tuttle, 1875.

------. Old Diary Leaves: The History of the Theosophical Society. Vol. 1. New
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1895.

Pierce, Abraham P. The Revelator: Being an Account of the Twenty-One Days' Entrancement of Abraham P. Pierce, Spirit-Medium, at Belfast, Maine. Together with a Sketch of His Life, 1st ed. Bangor, Maine: Published for the author by D. Bugbee & Co., 1857.

Podmore, Frank. Modern Spiritualism, A History and a Criticism. 2 vols. London: Methuen and Company, 1902.

 ------. Mediums of the Nineteenth Century. 2 vols. New Hyde Park: University Books, 1963.

Porter, Roy. The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2000.

Pratt, Parley P. Jr., ed. The Autobiography of Parley P. Pratt. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1985.

[Randolph, Pascal Beverly]. The Davenport Brothers, The World-Renowned Spiritual Mediums: Their Biography, and Adventures in Europe and America. Boston: William White and Company, 1869.

Sanborn, Franklin, and William T. Harris, Memoir of Bronson Alcott, vol. 1 (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1893),341-342. Quoted in Karen Iacobbo and Michael Iacobbo, Vegetarian America: A History, 59. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2004.

[Sawyer, M. E. B.]. History of the Mediumistic Development of Miss Sarah E. Appleton,  The Wonderful Writing Medium. Manchester, N. H.: C. F. Livingston, 1875.

Sexton, George. Spirit-Mediums and Conjurers: An Oration Delivered in the Cavendish Rooms, London, on Sunday Evening, June 15th, 1873. London: J. Burns, 1873. Reprint, New York, Arno Press, 1976.

Sexton, Lydia. Autobiography of Lydia Sexton. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren
 Publishing House, 1882.

Shepard, Thomas. The Sound Beleever, or, A Treatise of Evangelicall Conversion ...  London, Printed for R. Dawlman, 1645.

Shindler, Mary Dana. A Southerner Among the Spirits: A Record of Investigations into the Spiritual Phenomena. Memphis: Southern Baptist Publication Society, 1877.

Shipps, Jan, and John W. Welch, ed. The Journals of William E. McLellin, 1831-1836.  Provo, Utah: BYU Studies; Urbana: University of lllinois Press, 1994.

Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. London: Printed for A. Millar, 1759.

Strickland, W. P., ed. The Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, The Backwoods Preacher (New York: Carlton and Porter, 1856.

Sunderland, LaRoy. The Trance and Correlative Phenomena. Chicago: Published by James Walker, 1868.

Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Translated by Harvey.C. Mansfield and  Delba Winthrop. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Towle, Nancy. Vicissitudes Illustrated, in the Experience of Nancy Towle, in Europe and America. Charleston: Printed for the Authoress, by James L. Burges, 1832.

Tuttle, Hudson and J. M. Peebles. The Year-Book of Spiritualism for 1871; Presenting the Status of Spiritualism for the Current Year throughout the World; Philosophical, Scientific, and Religious Essays; Review of Its Literature; History of American Associations; State and Local Societies; Progressive Lyceums; Lecturers; Mediums; and Other Matters Relating to the Momentous Subject. Boston: William White and Company, 1871.

Twynham, Leonard. "Selections from Achsa W. Sprague's Diary and Journal."  Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society 9 (1941): 131-184.

Weld, Theodore Dwight. American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. New York: Published by the American Anti-Slavery Society, 1839.

White, Ellen G., to Brother Aldrich, 20 August 1867, Ellen G. White Estate, Inc, Washington, D.C. Quoted in Ronald L. Numbers, Prophetess of Health: Ellen G. White and the Origins of Seventh-day Adventist Health Reform, 160. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1993.

Wilkie, David. Sketches of a Summer Trip to New York and the Canadas. Edinburgh: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, 1837.

Wood, William B. Personal Recollections of the Stage (philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, 1855),391. Quoted in Faye E. Dudden, Women in the American Theater: Actresses and Audiences, 1790-1870,30. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.
 
 

Secondary Sources

Adams, Bluford. E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and the Making of U.S. Popular Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.

Adams, Rachel. Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.

Adler, Jerry. "Unlocking Minds." Newsweek, 19 March 2007,50.

Albanese, Catherine L. Nature Religion in America: From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

------. "Homesteads of the Mind: Occult and Metaphysical Movements." InAmerica: Religions and Religion, 250-279. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1992.

Allen, Robert C. Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1991.

Altschuler, Glenn C., and Stuart M. Blumin, Rude Republic: Americans and Their Politics in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Amar, Akhil Reed. America's Constitution: A Biography. New York: Random House,  2005.

Andrews, William L., ed. Sisters of the Spirit: Three Women's Autobiographies of the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1986.

Applegate, Debby. The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher. New York: Doubleday, 2006.

Arch, Stephen Carl. After Franklin: The Emergence of Autobiography in Post Revolutionary America. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New
 England, 2001.

Ault, Susanne. "Can a Psychic Connect In Daytime?" Broadcasting and Cable, 27 August 2001, 25.

Aveni, Anthony. Beyond the Crystal Ball: Magic, Science and the Occult from Antiquity through the New Age, revised ed. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002.

Baldasty, Gerald 1. The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992.

Balleisen, Edward J. Navigating Failure: Bankruptcy and Commercial Society in Antebellum America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

Banning, Lance. The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.

Banning, Stephen. "The Professionalization of Journalism: A Nineteenth-Century Beginning." Journalism History 24 (1998-99): 157-163.

Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth Century Britain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Barrow, Logie. Independent Spirits: Spiritualism and English Plebeians, 1850-1910. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986.

Bednarowski, Mary Farrell. "Nineteenth-Century American Spiritualism: An Attempt at  Scientific Religion." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1973.

------. "Women in Occult America." In Religion in American History: A Reader, ed. Jon Butler and Harry S. Stout, 240-254. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Behrend, Heike and Ute Luig, ed., Spirit Possession: Modernity and Power in Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1999.

Bender, Thomas. Community and Social Change in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

Bjorklund, Diane. Interpreting the Self: Two Hundred Years of American Autobiography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Bledstein, Burton J. The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America. New York: W. W. Norton, 1976.

Bogdan, Robert. Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Bordin, Ruth. Women and Temperance: The Quest/or Power and Liberty, 1873-1900. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990.

Boyarin, Daniel. Dyingfor God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and  Judaism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.

Bozeman, Theodore Dwight. Protestants in an Age of Science: The Baconian Ideal and Antebellum American Religious Thought. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977.

Brandon, Ruth. The Spiritualists: The Passionfor the Occult in the Nineteenth and  Twentieth Centuries. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.

------. The Life and Many Deaths of Harry Houdini. New York: Random House, 2003.

Braude, Ann. "News from the Spirit World: A Checklist of American Spiritualist Periodicals, 1847-1900." Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 99 (October 1989): 399-462.

------. Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.

Brekus, Catherine A. Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845.  Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Brereton, Virginia Lieson. From Sin to Salvation: Stories of Women's Conversions, 1800 to the Present. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.

Bressler, Ann Lee. The Universalist Movement in America, 1770-1880. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Brodhead, Richard H. "Veiled Ladies: Toward a History of Antebellum Entertainment." American Literary History 1, no. 2 (1989): 273-294.

Brown, Burton Gates. Jr. "Spiritualism in Nineteenth- Century America." Ph.D.  dissertation, Boston University, 1973.

Brown, Ivy. "Hearing from Dearly Departed Proves a Hit on Sci-Fi Channel." Los  Angeles Times, 5 March 2001.

Brown, Michael F. The Channeling Zone: American Spirituality in an Anxious Age.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Brown, Slater. The Heyday of Spiritualism. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1970.

Bruce, Steve. Pray TV: Televangelism in America. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Buescher, John B. The Other Side of Salvation: Spiritualism and the Nineteenth-Century Religious Experience. Boston: Skinner House Books, 2004.

Bushman, Richard L. The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities. New York:  Vintage Books, 1993.

Butler, Jon. Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People. Cambridge,  Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Butsch, Richard. The Making of American Audiences: From Stage to Television, 1750 1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Carroll, Bret E. Spiritualism in Antebellum America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

Carylon, David. Dan Rice: The Most Famous Man You've Never Heard Of. New York:  PublicAffairs, 2001.

Casper, Scott E. Constructing American Lives: Biography and Culture in Nineteenth Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

 Chapin, David. Exploring Other Worlds: Margaret Fox, Elisha Kent Kane, and the Antebellum Culture of Curiosity. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press,
 2004.

Christopher, Milbourne. Houdini: The Untold Story. London: Cassell and Company,  1969.

Christopher, Milbourne, and Maurine Christopher, The lllustrated History of Magic. New  York: Carroll and Oraf Publishers, 2006.

Clark, Clifford E., Jr. Henry Ward Beecher: Spokesman for a Middle-Class America.  Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978.

Clark, Elizabeth B. "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463493.

Click, Patricia C. The Spirit of the Times: Amusements in Nineteenth-Century Baltimore,  Norfolk, and Richmond. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1989.

Cmiel, Kenneth. Democratic Eloquence: The Fight over Popular Speech in Nineteenth Century America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Coburn, Carol K., and Martha Smith. Spirited Lives: How Nuns Shaped Catholic Culture and American Life, 1836-1920. Chapel Hill: University ofNortb Carolina Press, 1999.

Cook, James W. The Arts of Deception: Playing with Fraud in the Age of Barnum. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Corbin, Alain. Village Bells: Sound and Meaning in the Nineteenth-Century French Countryside. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

Corrigan, John. Business of the Heart: Religion and Emotion in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Cott, Nancy F. The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780 1835. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.

Couser, G. Thomas. American Autobiography: The Prophetic Mode. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1979.

Cox, Robert S. Body and Soul: A Sympathetic History of American Spiritualism. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003.

Crary, Jonathan. Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.

Daniels, J. W. Spiritualism Versus Christianity; or, Spiritualism Thoroughly Exposed. New York and Auburn: Miller, Orton, and Mulligan, 1856.

Darnton, Robert. Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment. Cambridge,  Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1968.

Davis, Amy. "Psychic Swindlers." Skeptical Inquirer 29 (May/June 2005): 38-42.

Davis, Susan G. Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Dawley, Alan. Class and Community: the Industrial.Revolution in Lynn. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976.

Delbanco, Andrew. The Death of Satan: How Americans Have Lost the Sense of Evil. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1995.

Delp, Robert W; "Andrew Jackson Davis: Prophet of American Spiritualism." Journal of  American History 54 (1967): 43-56.

------. "Andrew Jackson Davis's 'Revelations,' Harbinger of American Spiritualism." New-York Historical Society Quarterly 55 (1971): 210-234.

------. "American Spiritualism and Social Reform, 1847-1900." Northwest Ohio Quarterly 44 (1972): 85-99.

------. "A Spiritualist in Connecticut: Andrew Jackson Davis, The Hartford Years, 1850-1854." New England Quarterly 53 (1980): 345-362.

------. "The Southern Press and the Rise of American Spiritualism, 1847-1860." Journal of American Culture 7 (1985): 88-95.

Dennett, Andrea Stuhnan. Weird and Wonderful: The Dime Museum in America. New York: New York University Press, 1997.

Denning, Michael. Mechanic Accents: Dime Novels and Working-Class Culture in America. New York: Verso, 1987.

Deveney, John Patrick. Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-Century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian, and Sex Magician. Albany: State University
 of New York Press, 1997.

Douglas, Ann. The Feminization of American Culture. New York: Anchor Books, 1977.

Dublin, Thomas. Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826-1860. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.

Dubois, Allison. Don't Kiss Them Good-bye. New York: Fireside, 2004.

Dudden, Faye E. Women in the American Theater: Actresses and Audiences, 1790-1870. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.

During, Simon. Modern Enchantments: The Cultural Power of Secular Magic. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Edward, John. Crossing Over: The Stories Behind the Stories. New York: Princess  Books, 2001.

Edwards, Rebecca. Angels in the Machinery: Gender in American Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Ellwood, Robert S. Alternative Altars: Unconventional and Eastern Spirituality in America. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1979.

Emery, Edwin. The Press and America: An Interpretative History of Journalism, 2d ed.  Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1962.

Fabian, Ann. The Unvarnished Truth: Personal Narratives in Nineteenth-Century America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

Fell, John L. "Dissolves by Gaslight: Antecedents to the Motion Picture in Nineteenth Century Melodrama." Film Quarterly 23 (Spring 1970): 22-34.

Ferret, Fanny [Nathaniel Parker Willis]. "Mrs. Butler." Home Journal, 22 September 1849,3.

Flint, Richard W. "Entrepreneurial and Cultural Aspects of the Early-Nineteenth-Century Circus and Menageries Business." In Itinerancy in New England and New York, ed. Peter Benes and Jane M. Benes, 131-149. Boston: Boston University Press, 1986.

Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. New York:  Harper and Row, 1988.

Formisano, Ronald P. The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Fomell, Earl Wesley. The Unhappy Medium: Spiritualism and the Life of Margaret Fox. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964.

Fort, Tim. "Steele MacKaye's Lighting Visions for The World Finder." Nineteenth Century Theatre 18 (Summer and Winter 1990): 35-51.

Frankl, Razelle. Televangelism: The Marketing of Popular Religion. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.

Fuller, Robert C. Mesmerism and the American Cure of Souls. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.

Garrett, Clarke. Origins of the Shakers: From the Old World to the New World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.

Gilje, Paul A. The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763-1834. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

Godbeer, Richard. The Devil's Dominion: Magic and Religion in Early New England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Gorn, Elliott J. The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America. Ithaca: Cornell  University Press, 1986.

Grammer, Elizabeth Elkin. Some Wild Visions: Autobiographies by Female Itinerant Evangelists in Nineteenth-Century America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Gregory, Brad S. Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Greven, Philip. The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

Grimsted, David. Melodrama Unveiled: American Theater and Culture, 1800-1850.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Gross, Robert A. The Minutemen and Their World. New York: Hill and Wang, 1976.

Guarneri, Carl J. The Utopian Alternative: Fourierism in Nineteenth-Century America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.

Hall, David D. Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Beliefin Early New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Halttunen, Karen. Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830-1870. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.

------. "Humanitarianism and the Pornography of Pain in Anglo-American Culture," American Historical Review 100 (April 1995): 303-334.

Hambrick-Stowe, Charles E. The Practice of Piety: Puritan Devotional Disciplines in Seventeenth-Century New England. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982.

Hamlin, Annemarie Elizabeth. "Performance Spectacle or Spiritual Experience? Mesmerism, Spiritualism and Women in Nineteenth-Century American Fiction." Ph.D. dissertation, The Claremont Graduate University, 1998.

Hardesty, Nancy A. Women Called to Witness: Evangelical Feminism in the Nineteenth  Century. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999.

Harris, Neil. Humbug: The Art of P. T. Barnum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,  1973.

Haskell, Thomas 1. "Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility, Part 1." In The Antislavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolitionism as a Problem in Historical Interpretation, ed. Thomas Bender, 107-135. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. .

Hatch, Nathan O. The Democratization of American Christianity. New Haven: Yale  University Press, 1989.

Hazen, Craig James. The Village Enlightenment: Popular Religion and Science in the Nineteenth Century. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.

Henkin, David M. City Reading: Written Words and Public Spaces in Antebellum New York. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

Hewitt, Nancy A. Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822 1872. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984.

Heyrman, Christine Leigh. Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.

Hill, George H. Airwaves to the Soul: The Influence and Growth of Religious Broadcasting in America. Saratoga, California: R & E Publishers, 1983.

Holifield, E. Brooks. "Theology as Entertainment: Oral Debate in American Religion." Church History 67, no. 3 (1998): 499-520.

Hoover, Stewart Mass Media Religion: The Social Sources of the Electronic Church.  Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1988.

Iacobbo, Karen, and Michael Iacobbo, Vegetarian America: A History. Westport, Connecticut: Pmeger, 2004.

Isaacs, Ernest. "A History of Spiritualism: The Beginnings, 1845-1855." Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1957.

------. "The Fox Sisters and American Spiritualism." In The Occult in America: New Historical Perspectives, ed. Howard Kerr and Charles L Crow, 79-110. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983.

Jackson, Herbert G. The Spirit Rappers. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1972.

Jaffee, David. "The Village Enlightenment in New England, 1760-1820." William and Mary Quarterly 47 (July 1990): 327-346.

James, Hunter. Smile Pretty and Say Jesus: The Last Great Days of PTL. Athens:  University of Georgia Press, 1993.

Jay, Martin. Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in Twentieth Century FrenchThought. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

Jay, Ricky. Learned Pigs and Fireproof Women. New York: Villard Books, 1986.

Jeffrey, Julie Roy. The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Johannsen, Robert W. To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the  American Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Kasson, John F. Amusing the Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century. New  York: Hill and Wang, 1978.

------. Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America. New York: Hill and Wang, 1990.

------. Houdini, Tarzan and the Prefect Man: The White Male-Body and the Challenge of Modernity in America. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001.

Keller, Mary. The Hammer and the Flute: Women, Power, and Spirit Possession. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

Kerr, Howard. Mediums, and Spirit-Rappers, and Roaring Radicals: Spiritualism in American Literature, 1850-1900. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972.

Kete, Mary Louise. Sentimental Collaborations: Mourning and Middle-Class Identity in Nineteenth-Century America. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2000.

Kett, Joseph F. Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present. New  York: Basic Books, 1977.

Kibler, M. Alison. Rank Ladies: Gender and Cultural Hierarchy in American Vaudeville.  Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Kilde, Jeanne Halgren. When Church became Theatre: The Transformation of Evangelical Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-Century America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Kucich, John Joseph. "The Color of Angels: Spiritualism in American Literary Culture."  Ph.D. dissertation, Tufts University, 2001.

Laderman, Gary. The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes Toward Death, 1779-1883. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.

Lambeck, Michael. Human Spirits: A Cultural Account of Trance in Mayotte. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Lambert, Frank. "Pedlar in Divinity": George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals,  1737-1770. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Lasswell, Mark. "WE Talks ESP," Broadcasting and Cable, 29 August 2005, 7.

Laurie, Bruce. Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth-Century America. New York:  Noonday Press, 1989.

Leach, William. True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society,  2d ed. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1989.

 ------. Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.

 Leacroft, Richard, and Helen Leacroft, Theater and Playhouse: An Dlustrated Survey of Theater Buildingfrom Ancient Greece to the Present Day. London: Methuen, 1984.

Lears, Jackson. Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America. New  York: Basic Books, 1994.

Leibowitz, Herbert. Fabricating Lives: Explorations in American Autobiography. New  York: Alfred A, Knopf, 1989.

Lenker, Lisa M. "Haunted Culture and Surrogate Space: A New Historicist Account of Nineteenth-Century American Spiritualism." Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1998.

Leventhal, Herbert. In the Shadow of the Enlightenment: Occultism and Renaissance Science in Eighteenth-Century America. New York: New York University Press, 1976.

Levine, Lawrence W. Highbrow / Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1988.

Lewis, 1. M. Ecstatic Religion: A Study of Shamanism and Spirit Possession, 2d ed. New York: Routledge, 1989.

Lhamon, W. T., Jr. Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Lutes, Jean Marie. "Into the Madhouse with Nellie Bly: Girl Stunt Reporting in Late Nineteenth-Century America." American Quarterly 54 (2002): 217-253.

Lyerly, Cynthia Lynn. Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770-1810. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

MacArthur, Benjamin. Actors and American Culture, 1880-1920. Iowa City: University  ofIowa Press, 2000.

Mack, Phyllis. Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

Maffly-Kipp, Laurie F. Religion and Society in Frontier California. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.

Mahar, William J. Behind the Burnt Cork Mask: Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.

Margolis, Char. Questions from Earth, Answers from Heaven: A Psychic Intuitive's Discussion of Life, Death, and What Awaits Us Beyond. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.

Marini, Stephen A. Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England. Cambridge,  Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Marker, Lise-Lone. David Belasco: Naturalism in the American Theater. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975, 78-79, 82. Quoted in David E. Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 48. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.

Marling, Karal Ann. George Washington Slept Here: Colonial Revivals and American Culture, 1876-1986. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1988.

May, Henry F. The Enlightenment in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.

McConachie, Bruce A. "Pacifying American Theatrical Audiences, 1820-1900." In For Fun and Profit: The Transformation of Leisure into Consumption, ed. Richard Butsch, 47-70. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.

------. Melodramatic Formations: American Theater and Society, 1820-1870. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1992.

McDannell, Colleen. The Christian Home in Victorian America, 1840-1900. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.

McGerr, Michael E. The Decline of Popular Politics: The American North, 1865-1928. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

McLean, Albert F. American Vaudeville as Ritual. Lexington: University of Kentucky  Press, 1965.

McLoughlin, William G. The Meaning of Henry Ward Beecher: An Essay on the Shifting Values of Mid- Victorian America, 1840-1870. New York: Alfted A. Knopf, 1970.

McNamara, Brooks. Days of Jubilee: The Great Age of Public Celebrations in New York, 1788-1909. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997.

------. The New York Concert Saloon: The Devil's Own Nights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Miller, Angela. The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cul(ural Politics, 1825-1875. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.

Mintz, Steven. Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004.

Modelski, Tania. "Hitchcock, Feminism, and the Patriarchal Unconscious." In Issues in Feminist Film Criticism, ed. Patricia Erens, 66-67. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Moore, R. Laurence. In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.

------. Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

------. Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace ofCuiture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Morrison, Craig. Theaters. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.

Mott, Frank Luther. American Journalism, A History: 1690-1960, 3d ed. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

Mulvey, Laura. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema." Screen 16 (Autumn 1975): 6 18.

Murphet, Howard. Yankee Beacon of Buddhist Light: Life of Col. Henry S. Olcott.  Wheaton, lllinois: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988.

Murphy, Teresa Anne. Ten Hours' Labor: Religion, Reform, and Gender in Early New England. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992.

Nadis, Fred. "Facing the Divide: Turn of the Century Stage Magicians' Presentations of Rationalism and the Occult." Journal of Millennial Studies 2 (Winter 2000) [online journal]. Available at http://www.bu.edu/mille/publications/ winter2000/nadis.PDF.

Nisbet, Matt. "Talking to Heaven Through Television: How the Mass Media Package and Sell Psychic Medium John Edward." Amherst, New York: Committee of Skeptical Inquiry, n.d. Available at http://www.csicop.org/genx/edward.

Numbers, Ronald L. Prophetess of Health: Ellen G. White and the Origins of Seventh day Adventist Health Reform. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1993.

Nye, David E. Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.

Olsen, Christopher J. Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830-1860. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Oppenheim, Janet. The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Orvell, Miles. The Real Thing: Imitation and Authenticity in American Culture, 1880 1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

Owen, Alex. The Darkened Room: Women, Power, and Spiritualism in Late Victorian  England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

Payne, Rodger M. The Self and the Sacred: Conversion and Autobiography in Early American Protestantism. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998.

Peck, Janice. The Gods of Televangelism: The Crisis of Meaning and The Appeal of Religious Television. Cresskill, New Jersey: Hampton Press, 1992.

Peckham, Morse. "The Dilemma ofa Century: The Four Stages of Romanticism." In The  Triumph of Romanticism. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1970.

Peiss, Kathy. Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century  New York. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.

Perry, Lewis. Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery  Thought. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995.

Pettit, Norman. The Heart Prepared: Grace and Conversion in Puritan Spiritual Life, 2nd ed. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1989.

Prothero, Stephen. The White Buddhist: The Asian Odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1996.

Prude, Jonathan. The Coming of Industrial Order: Town and Factory Lift in Rural  Massachusetts, 1810-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Randi, James. Conjuring. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

Rapoza, Andrew V. "Touched by the 'Invisibles': Communicating with the Dead in Nineteenth-Century Lynn." In No Race of Imitators: Lynn and Her People, An Anthology, ed. Elizabeth Hope Cushing, 51-79. Lynn: Lynn Historical Society, 1992.

Reiss, Benjamin. The Showman and the Slave: Race, Death, and Memory in Barnum's America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Riesman, David. The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character. New: Haven: Yale University Press, 1950.

Rodgers, Daniel T. The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.

Roggenkamp, Karen. Narrating the News: New Journalism and Literary Genre in LateNineteenth-Century American Newspapers and Fiction. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2005.

Rosenzweig, Roy. Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial  City, 1870-1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Rude, George. The Crowd in the French Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.

Rutenbeck, Jeffrey B. "The Rhetoric of Independence and Boosterism in Late-Nineteenth Century California Journalism." American Journalism 13 (1996): 456-474.

Rutland, Robert A. The NeWsmongers: Journalism in the Life of the Nation, 1690-1972. New York: Dial Press, 1972.

Ryan, Mary P. Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York,  1790-1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Saxton, Alexander. The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Verso, 1990.

Scales, Laura Thiemann. "Speaking in Tongues: Mediumship and American Narrative Voice." Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 2006.

Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.

Schlereth, Thomas J. "Country Stores, County Fairs, and Mail-Order Catalogues: Consumption in Rural America." In Consuming Visions: Accumulation and Display of Goods in America, ed. Simon J Bronner, 339-375. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1989.

Schmidt, Leigh Eric. Holy Fairs: Scottish Communions and American Revivals in the Early Modern Period. Princeton: Princeton University Presst 1989.

------. "Trust and Confidence in American Religious History." In Perspectives in American Religion and Culture: A Reader, ed. Peter W. Williams, 366-377. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1999.

 ------. Hearing Things: Religion, fllusion, and the American Enlightenment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000.

Scobey, David. "Anatomy of the Promenade: The Politics of Bourgeois Sociability in Nineteenth-Century New York" Social History 17, no. 2 (1992): 203-227.

Scott, Donald M. From Office to Profession: The New England Ministry, 1750-1850. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.

 ------. "Itinerant Lecturers and Lecturing in New England, 1800-1850." In 1tinerancy in New England and New York, ed. Peter Benes and Jane M. Benes, 65-75. Boston: Boston University Press, 1986.

Sellers, Charles. The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Semonin, Paul. "Monsters in the Marketplace: The Exhibition of Human Oddities in Early Modem England." In Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body, ed. Rosemarie Garland Thomson, 69-81. New York: New York University Press, 1996.

Shepard, Charles E. Forgiven: The Rise and fall of Jim Bakker and the PTL Ministry.  New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989. .

Shermer, Michael. "Deconstructing the Dead: Cross Over One Last Time to Expose Medium John Edward." V eracruz, Mexico: Metareligion, n.d. Available at http://www.metareligion.com/Paranormale/Skeptics/deconstructing_the_dead.htm

Shipps, Jan. Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.

Shultze, Quentin J. Televangelism and American Culture: The Business of Popular  Religion. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker House Books, 1991.

Silverman, Kenneth. Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss. New York: HarperCollins,  1996.

Smith, Lacey Baldwin. Fools, Martyrs, Traitors: The Story of Martyrdom in the Western World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.

Smith, Mark M. Listening to Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America." In Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in
 Victorian America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Smythe, Ted Curtis. The Gilded Age Press, 1865-1900. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger,  2003.

Stacey, Michelle. The Fasting Girl: A True Victorian Medical Mystery. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2002.

Stannard, David E. The Puritan Way of Death: A Study in Religion, Culture, and Social Change. Oxford: Oxford Umversity Press, 1977.

Stein, Stephen J. The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

Stewart, James Brewer. Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Society. New  York: Hill and Wang, 1996.

Stone-Gordon, Tammy Lee. II 'Fifty-Cent Sybilst: Occult Workers and the Symbolic Marketplace in the Urban United States, 1850-1930." Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1998.

Stout, Harry S. The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1991.

Sumpter, Randall S. "Sensation and the Century: How Four New York Dailies Covered the End of the Nineteenth Century." American Journalism 18 (2001): 81-100.

Susman, Warren 1. Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the  Twentieth Century. New York: Pantheon Books, 1983.

Taves, Ann. Fits, Trances, and Visions: Experiencing Religion and Explaining Experience from Wesley to James. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.

Thomas, Keith. Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England, 1500-1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Thompson, E. P. Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture. New  York: The New Press, 1991. [Tiffany, Joel]. "The Day of Trial." Tiffany's Monthly, February 1859, 365-373.

Tromp, Marlene. "Spirited Sexuality: Sex, Marriage, and Victorian Spiritualism." Victorian Literature and Culture 31 (March 2003): 67-81.

Van Praagh, James. Talking to Heaven: A Medium's Message of Life After Death. New York: Dutton, 1997.

------. Heaven and Earth: Making the Psychic Connection. New York: Simon and Schuster Source, 2001.

Wacker, Grant. Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Waldman, Carl, and Joe Layden. The Art of Magic. Los Angeles: General Publishing Group, 1997.

Waldstreicher, David. In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776-1820. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the
 Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1997.

Walker, Ronald W. Wayward Saints: The Godbeites and Brigham Young. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.

Walters, Ronald G. American Reformers, 1815-1860. New York: Hill and Wang, 1978.

Washington, Peter. Madame Blavatsky's Baboon: A History of the Mystics, Mediums, and  Misfits Who Brought Spiritualism to America. New York: Schocken Books, 1996.

Weinstein, Sheri Michele. "Mechanical Spirits, Magical Bodies: Spiritualism and Technologies of the Real in American Literature, 1850-1910." Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2000.

Weisberg, Barbara. Talking to the Dead: Kate and Maggie Fox and the Rise of Spiritualism. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.

Welter, Barbara. "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1850." American Quarterly 18 (Summer 1966): 1151-1174. .

Wicker, Christine. Lily Dale: The True Story of the Town that Talks to the Dead. San Francisco: Harper, 2003.

Wiebe, Robert H. The Searchfor Order, 1877-1920. New York: Hill and Wang, 1967.

Wigger, John H. Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Wilentz, Sean. Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working  Class, 1788-1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

------. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2005.

Wilson, Garff B. Three Hundred Years of American Drama and Theatre. Englewood  Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1982.

Wilson, Leslie Perrin. "Taps in the Wall and Thumps in the Table-Drawer," Concord  Journal 72 (January 4,2001),6.

Winter, Alison. Mesmerized: Powers of Mind in Victorian England. Chicago: University  of Chicago, 1998.

Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Honor and Violence in the Old South. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Yam, Philip. "A Skeptically Inquiring Mind." Scientific American 273 (July 1995): 34-35.

Yellin, Jean Fagan, and John C. VanHorne, ed. The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women's Political Culture in Antebellum America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994.

Young, Alfred F. The Shoemaker and the Tea Party: Memory and the American Revolution. Boston: Beacon Press, 1999.

FOR UPDATES CONTINUE TO: